An AI-enhanced camera designed to take images of the eye's retina, developed by UCL and Moorfields researchers, is being deployed in remote Western Australia in an effort to prevent rural and Indigenous Australians going blind from a condition linked to untreated diabetes.

The mobile eye health service tests for diabetic retinopathy, a sight-threatening condition that disproportionately affects Australians in outback regions and is the leading cause of blindness globally in working-age people.

Pioneered by Australian non-profit organization Lions Outback Vision, the breakthrough medical AI service was developed in collaboration with technology partners Google and Topcon, with support from UCL Institute of Ophthalmology and the INSIGHT Health Data Research Hub at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust.

Following a one-year pilot, the mobile AI service won a grant to fund implementation in the Pilbara, a sparsely populated region in the north of the state where access to health services is extremely limited. The Pilbara has approximately 45,000 residents, spread over an area of 507,896 km (193,826 mi), almost twice the area of the UK.

Currently, patients are screened, their photos sent to a specialist for diagnosis, and then reviewed by a consultant if needed. The new AI-enabled model provides instant point-of-care diagnosis by interpreting a scan of the retina (at the back of the eye) and an on-the-spot telehealth appointment with an ophthalmologist for anyone flagged as high risk. The mobile system has the capacity to reach people living in areas where screening services are not currently accessible.

The next phase of the initiative will use the world's first AI foundation model for eye health, RETFound, to finetune the diabetic retinopathy algorithm for Indigenous people, using locally gathered data to enhance accuracy. Developed in 2023 by researchers at UCL and Moorfields using 1.6 million anonymized eye images from Moorfields' patients alongside other smaller data sources, RETFound will enable expansion of the AI system to detect cardiovascular disease.

This technology is expected to have a significant impact on remote Western Australian communities. The rate of blindness among Indigenous Australians is almost three times higher than that for non-Indigenous Australians, and cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of the gap in death rates between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, according to the Australian Government.

Australian ophthalmologist Dr. Mark Chia, part of the Lions Outback Vision team led by Professor Angus Turner, facilitated the project during his Ph.D. in London with Pearse Keane, Professor of Artificial Medical Intelligence at the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, consultant ophthalmologist at Moorfields Eye Hospital, and director of INSIGHT.

Professor Keane said, "There is immense potential for medical AI to reduce health inequalities in low-resource settings, and this is an exciting use case. By providing a novel AI solution to the problem of geographic isolation and limited access to health services, care providers in the remote Pilbara region now have the power to help close the gap in eye health between outback and urban populations."

Dr. Mark Chia said, "Working with our collaborators in the UK, we have been able to bring together world-leading data science and medical AI expertise with the experience and ingenuity of eyecare professionals in Australia to develop an original approach to saving sight, and saving lives, in remote parts of the country."

Professor Angus Turner said, "The deployment of this mobile retinal camera with 'on-the-spot' diagnosis across the Pilbara has already begun to make a significant impact. By improving access to eye screening, we're ensuring that people living in remote places have access to a diagnosis that can prevent blindness with early treatment. This innovation is a game-changer for health care delivery in the region."